Titanium data sheets

Titanium data sheets

Titanium Grade 1 is an unalloyed, low strength titanium product containing low oxygen with high formability; this titanium grade is used in airframes, heat exchangers and desalination units.

Grade 2 titanium is an unalloyed, medium strength titanium product. This titanium grade is used in airframes, aircraft engines, and marine parts; good weldability and corrosion resistance are its distinguishing characteristics.

Titanium Grade 3 is an unalloyed, high strength, titanium product providing excellent corrosion resistance and good weldability. This titanium grade is primarily used in airframe and aircraft engine parts.

Titanium Grade 4 is the highest strength pure unalloyed titanium product. This titanium grade is used almost exclusively for airframe, aircraft engine parts, marine, surgical implants, hydraulic tubing. Good formability and corrosion resistance are its hallmark.

Grade5 titanium wire(6AL-4V)is an alloyed titanium product containing 6% Aluminum and 4% Vanadium; is a medium strength product. This titanium grade is predominantly used in airframe and turbine engine parts; and for use in surgical implants. Technical Info

Titanium 6AL – 4V ELI is an alloyed titanium product containing 6% Aluminum and 4% Vanadium, ELI (Extra Low Interstitial).

Titanium same name as if it is a kind of heroic metal, silver bright,Titanium tube fittings light, fast. Chemically, the famous strong corrosive "aqua regia" to swallow silver (Ag), gold (Au), claiming that the "stainless" stainless steel corrosion, rust becomes gorgeous, beyond recognition. However, the "aqua regia" titanium but resignation. In the "aqua regia" soak the titanium years, still shiny, brilliant! It has excellent resistance to acid corrosion; if the titanium was added to stainless steel, an increase of only one percent or so, greatly improve the anti-rust skill. When titanium stable in air at room temperature; because titanium has a low density, excellent high temperature properties, corrosion resistance, high strength titanium alloy, its small density, high strength, density is half the strength of steel and iron and steel almost; both resistant titanium high temperature, and low temperature. At -253 ℃ ~ 500 ℃ such a wide temperature range to adhere to high intensity. These strengths is the space necessary for the metal. Titanium alloys are making rocket motor case and artificial satellite, the spacecraft's good information. Titanium has a "space metal" she said. Because of these advantages of titanium, so since the 1950s, it jumped into a prominent precious metals.
Titanium is a pure metal, titanium is because "pure", so the material and its touch of hours, not a chemical reaction. That is, because the corrosion resistance of titanium, stable and high, making it in the future and the human touch does not affect its long-term nature, so it will not cause human allergies, it is the only no effect on the human autonomic and taste metal. Titanium and is commonly known as "pro-biological metals." Titanium in medicine has a unique use. Lesions in the bone, titanium sheet and titanium screws well, a few months, the president of the bones on the titanium plate and screws in thread. New muscle on the package on the titanium sheet, this "titanium bone" is really the same as the bones, and even can be used instead of human heads made of titanium artificial bone to heal fractures.
Because of the above characteristics of titanium, TC Titanium regardless of its unique high polished silver-gray color. Satin. Matt has an excellent manifestation is in addition to the most appropriate than noble metals platinum, gold jewelry metal in overseas often use modern jewelry planning. But because of the high titanium processing technology request, with the general equipment it is difficult to cast molding, with the general tool and it is difficult to weld together, it is difficult to reach a production scale. Thus, in the domestic jewelry mall is difficult to see traces of it, known as titanium shopping malls.

1. titanium starting sheet is equivalent to a titanium tubing for sale surface oxide film are durable with good hair separating agent, titanium starting sheet saves separating agent, make easy peeling plates, eliminating the process of starting sheet pretreated titanium species board lighter than copper seed plate half.
2. titanium starting sheet is more than three times the life of the copper seed plate, depending on the operating conditions of up to 10-20 years
3. titanium copper crystal structure of the starting sheet preparation dense, smooth surface, good quality.
4. As the titanium species sheet without titanium bar stock smearing separating agent, and thus avoid contamination copper electrolyte.
5. The increase productivity to reduce copper production costs, thus a better economic efficiency.

What is titanium? Titanium explanation

small element of the phase transition temperature of the neutral element, zirconium and tin.
Nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen is the primary impurity of titanium. Oxygen and nitrogen in the α phase has a greater solubility of titanium alloys have significantly enhanced effectiveness, but the plastic weakened. General provisions Astm F67 Titanium Foil content of oxygen and nitrogen to break 0.15 and 0.04 to 0.2% to 0.05% or less. The solubility of hydrogen in the α phase is very small, titanium will be dissolved in excess hydride hydrogen, the alloy becomes brittle. Usually titanium hydrogen content control 0.015%. Hydrogen in titanium is reversible, can be removed by vacuum annealing.

Development of China's titanium industry

Titanium is the Second World War on the world stage high light industrial corrosion resistant structural materials, known as second only to iron, aluminum, the "third metal."
After 40 years of development, the titanium industry has been formed to take from titanium ore mining, sponge titanium to titanium melting, forging, rolling, semi-finished products, titanium parts, titanium tube titanium and complete industrial system equipment manufacturing, becoming After the United States, Japan, Russia and the fourth has a complete industrial system titanium country. A complete titanium industrial chain, including: cast titanium sponge, titanium forgings products, titanium processing material (titanium, titanium strip, titanium tube, titanium rods, etc.) - titanium and titanium pieces processing equipment manufacturing.
China was the first country Baoji Titanium Industry Base, the titanium industry cluster in the international and domestic brands have a considerable influence. Over the years, China titanium industry base, gathered a group of vibrant SMEs, they integrate industry cluster resources, identify the direction, innovation, has made extraordinary achievements. Air Force titanium tubing for sale  is one who, through innovative incentives, extend the industrial chain to increase efficiency, local economic development, the country's economic development has made outstanding contributions.

Titanium is widely used in various industry sectors

Titanium because of its particularly high affinity for oxygen, a dense oxide film on the surface can be generated, can be made from titanium medium, it is particularly strong corrosion resistance. Two titanium in most aqueous solutions, can generate passive oxide film on the surface. Titanium in acidic, alkaline, saline solution can be generated due to passive oxide film, and they have good stability, better than the corrosion resistance of stainless steel and other non-ferrous metals, due to the outstanding corrosion resistance of titanium and its affinity , it is widely used in many industries.
1. Chemical Industry
Titanium in acid, alkali, salt medium, have good stability. For example, the use of titanium anodes and titanium wet chlorine cooler in the chlor-alkali industry, has a good economic effect.
2. The oil industry
Titanium in the organic compound, has a very strong stability. Thus, titanium is excellent in oil refining and chemical structure of the material can be used to produce a variety of precision titanium products heat exchanger, titanium reactor pressure vessel of titanium and titanium distillation tower.
3. Metallurgical Industry
(1) Titanium is a reactive metal, good suction performance, the steel industry is excellent degassing agent, titanium can be deposited at the time of the compound of oxygen and nitrogen cooling steel, steel can be tough and elastic. (2) having an acidic solution containing itanium sheet metal ions good corrosion resistance and stability, so titanium electrolysis plates in hydrometallurgical industry, such as copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese and other non-ferrous metal production in electrolysis, It has a very wide range of applications.
The fertilizer industry
Urea is an important fertilizer under high temperature conditions is very corrosive, so that the device can use titanium equipment life is greatly increased, maintenance time is greatly reduced. Thus urea production devices use titanium equipment.
5. Desalination and shipbuilding industries
Titanium sea water resistant capability is very good, whether stationary or in high-speed flow of seawater titanium has exceptional stability. Thus, titanium is an ideal material for seawater desalination. Titanium corrosion resistance to seawater and sea air is very strong, and high strength, light weight, ideal structural material shipbuilding industry.
6. Power Industry
After the titanium containing chlorides, sulfides and many other corrosive water has good stability, replace copper-nickel alloy pipe titanium tube, can greatly improve the service life, reduce maintenance time, the economic effect is very significant.
7. Medical industry
Medical titanium body can resist corrosion, and humans, has good biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. So widely used in medical device and pharmaceutical industries, as well as human implants.

China is the world's most abundant reserves of titanium one of the countries

Titanium sponge is a typical high energy consumption, high pollution industry, the whole process of production of Titanium round rod sponge is a complete process chain, which not only requires the use of highly toxic chlorine gas as a reducing agent, but also produce a lot of reusable "waste", such as silicon tetrachloride generated in the production is the production.
Although China is the world's titanium resources in the country, but blind duplicate construction has caused many contradictions waste of resources, vicious competition, environmental pollution, currently on Baoji ingot melting furnace, its annual output has exceeded global demand for titanium material.

Two titanium closest application of our lives

New muscle on the package on the titanium sheet, this "titanium bone" is really the same as the bones, and even artificial bone with titanium instead of human bone fracture treatment.
Because of these characteristics of Forged Titanium Ingot, regardless of its unique high polished silver tone. Satin. Matt have good performance, coupled with its pro-biotic resistance, arguably the most suitable metal jewelry, modern jewelry design in foreign countries often use. However, due to the high technical requirements for processing of titanium, with ordinary equipment it is difficult to cast molding, using ordinary tools and very difficult to weld it up, it is difficult to form a production scale. Thus, in the domestic jewelry market is difficult to see a variety of color styles titanium jewelry.

Titanium used in the chemical industry

Titanium beginning of the last century, when smelting, production of only two tons. Follow-up due to increased production technology matures, titanium has been greatly improved. The hardness of Titanium sheet metal almost, it weighs only half of steel, titanium, although a bit heavier than aluminum, but its hardness is aluminum 2 times. Now, in aerospace applications, a large number of titanium instead of steel. According to statistics, currently the world's titanium year for astronautics, and has reached more than one thousand tons. So the universe known as titanium metal, space metal.
Good heat resistance of titanium, the melting point up to 1725 ℃. At room temperature, titanium can not be corroded in a variety of acid and alkali solution, even aqua regia, can not corrode it. Because often they use it on the corrosion resistance of titanium, chemical industry. In the past, chemical reactors are installed with hot nitric acid components are made of stainless steel. Stainless steel can not resist strong corrosive - hot nitric acid, every six months, most of the components necessary to replace all. Now, with titanium to produce these parts, although the cost of more expensive than stainless steel components, but it can replace the use of discrete steps five to 10 years, the annual share of the cost of so doing drop a lot.

Titanium plate performance and wide application in industry

Titanium plate because of its high strength, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, widely applied in industry. Particularly in the aviation,aerospace, shipbuilding and other industries, mostly used in the manufacture of titanium alloy key components, its performance is good or bad often determine the level of the product. Thus, national research institutions put a lot of manpower, material and financial resources and its alloy smelting equipment, forming process research and development, writing thousands of articles and many monographs. However, studies with the process of melting Sensor Titanium housing rarely, limited research has confined tested. Because of its high melting point alloy, chemical activity, the difference between the thermal properties of elements big, so the process of melting the melt composition and temperature control is very difficult, and the melt composition and temperature directly determines the quality of the titanium alloy. So find out the qualitative and quantitative variation of the melt composition, temperature and process parameters, the alloy itself between thermal parameters, important for guiding alloy melting practice, smelting practice for
other alloys also have important reference value.

Titanium oxide of information

1. titanium starting sheet is equivalent to a surface oxide film are durable with good hair separating agent, titanium starting sheet saves separating
agent, make easy peeling plates, eliminating the process of starting sheet pretreated titanium species board lighter than copper seed plate half.
2. titanium starting sheet is more than three times the life of the copper seed plate, depending on the operating conditions of up to 10-20 years
3. titanium copper crystal structure of the starting sheet preparation dense, smooth surface, good quality.
4. As the Titanium sheet metal species sheet without smearing separating agent, and thus avoid contamination copper electrolyte.
5. The increase productivity to reduce copper production costs, thus a better economic efficiency.

Titanium manufacturing process

titanium plate for aerospace in the rolling process carried out above the recrystallization temperature.
Cold-plastic deformation temperature lower than recovery temperature of the rolling process.
Annealing: The metal was slowly heated to a temperature sufficient to keep time, and then cooling at an appropriate rate (usually slow cooling, and sometimes controlled cooling) a metal heat treatment process.
Pickling: immersed in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and other parts, titanium metal surface to remove oxides and other films. Pre-treatment or intermediate processing plating, enamel, rolling and other technology

Titanium features

1. The surface of the titanium oxide film equivalent of a good durable wear separating agent with the hair, using a titanium plate to save the species separating agent, so that the plate peeling easier, eliminating the process of starting sheet pretreated titanium starting sheet lighter than copper seed plate half.
2. titanium starting sheet is more than three times the life of the copper seed plate, depending on the operating conditions of up to 10-20 years
3. titanium copper crystal structure of the starting sheet preparation dense, smooth surface, good quality.
4. As the Titanium tube fittings without smearing separating agent, thus to avoid contamination copper electrolyte.
5. The increase productivity to reduce copper production costs, thus a better economic efficiency.

Titanium substrate pretreatment:

Surface titanium oxide film is formed easily purified, its conductivity is poor, and titanium in the process easily contaminated with oil, will lead to the conductivity of Grade 9 Titanium components decreases, resistance increases, while the coating with the titanium can not plate surface closely. Therefore, in order to improve the conductivity of the electrode, the bonding coating and substrate more closely, and in order to remove stains produced during machining titanium, etc., to ensure that telephone and coating properties of the active electrode, titanium substrate make the necessary pre- deal with.

Physical treatment titanium surface:

180 The purpose sandpaper edge effect size of 70mm × 30mm × 2mm edge portion of titanium mill sleek, eliminate electrode.
The purpose spun yarn with 600 paper surface polished shiny titanium, titanium oxide surface to make completely removed.
Objective 120 grit sanding cloth in two directions perpendicular to each other, the lower end of the main electrode grinding area 30mm × 30mm (organic matter degradation occurs mainly in the region), the purpose is to increase the surface roughness of Powder coating titanium, to improve its mechanical adhesion, polished titanium substrate surface in the form cavities, the coating of the electro-catalytic activity of the oxide have a special attachment to fit in the hole in force, thereby enabling the coating on the substrate is attached closer to prevent coating off.

Titanium plate fixed tube sheet heat exchanger design

With the continuous development and equipment manufacturing increasing levels of chemical production, due to the titanium corrosion resistance, high strength, and titanium surface is not easy to scale, etc., titanium fixed tube plate heat exchanger applications increasingly more widely. Titanium plate fixed tube heat exchanger design and carbon steel or stainless steel fixed tube sheet heat exchanger design is there is a difference.
In the design of titanium heat exchanger before, we must first understand the performance characteristics of Titanium Sheet under. Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys can be welded between themselves or each other, but not with other metals welding; thermal conductivity of titanium is small, high melting point, the melting of titanium with greater mobility, therefore, blunt its welded joints side gap is smaller than the other metals; titanium poor impact toughness and fracture resistance, and thus to maintain the connection in the design and structure of the weldability is poor, so that in the design of the cartridge to maintain connectivity smooth weld structure, as far as possible avoid stress concentration; drilling and tapping titanium is difficult, therefore, should be designed to avoid too long a blind hole or through hole, and avoid as much as possible than tapping on the device; titanium sensitive to the gap higher, in the design of parts, the surface must be smooth, does not allow the presence of scratches and other surface defects, must be penetration weld butt joint, the surface should be smooth; titanium narrow range of plastic deformation, and a clear work hardening, so bending and flanging titanium parts usually large bending radius (bending radius not less than 4-5 times the thickness), with a smaller rate when expanding expanding.
For critical selection process titanium heat exchanger, carbon steel and stainless steel heat exchanger shell side Regardless of corrosive media or take the tube to affect the entire manufacturing difficulties and costs are not too large. But for the titanium heat exchanger is not the same, in general, try to let go tube corrosive media, so we can use the tube plate titanium tube titanium composite board or liner board, while the shell can be used carbon steel or stainless steel. not only reduces the titanium material consumption, cost savings, but also reduces the production of the difficulty.

Titanium forming mode

Cold Forming: plasticity in reply below the temperature of formation, deformation hardening process will occur, it will help improve strength and surface quality of the metal for the manufacture of semi-finished products.
Thermoforming: plasticity performed above the recrystallization temperature molding, hardening during deformation have both recrystallization, and hardening was recrystallized completely eliminated. Mechanical performance, small deformation force, large deformation or semi-finished products for the manufacture of wool culture.
Warm Forming: above and below the recrystallization temperature reply within a temperature range of plastic molding, there is hardening agent recovery phenomenon, but no recrystallization. High strength, poor semi-finished plastic parts or semi-manufactured for.
Cold forming: In general, Titanium sheet metal is used only for cold forming molded shape and deformation of simple uncomplicated words, such as pillars, gusset and gentle curvature of the skin, such as profiles. Singles of small sheet metal parts common cold roll forming a radian; hyperbolic degree gentle skin temperature can be used under the usual skin stretch forming machine forming.

Titanium Pipe Grade

Light titanium tube weight, high strength, excellent mechanical properties. It is widely used in heat exchange equipment, such as a tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchanger tube, snake tube heat exchangers, condensers, evaporators and transportation pipelines. Currently, many nuclear power industry of titanium tube as a unit standard pipe.
Titanium pipe execution in accordance with different requirements and performance of the two national standards: GB / T3624-1995 GB / T3625-1995 ASTM 337 338
Supply grades: TA0, TA1, TA2, TA9, TA10, BT1-00, BT1-0, Gr1, Gr2
Supply specifications: diameter φ4 ~ 114mm
Δ0.2 ~ 4.5mm thickness
Length of 15m or less

Titanium and titanium tube welded pipe common defects and precautionary measures

Titanium equipment is mainly used in petroleum, chemical, and thermal power plants and other industrial sectors. The titanium fittings (such as elbows, tees and reducers, etc.) is connected to the tube is an important part. According to several surveys, titanium equipment (due to their special performance. Used widely) in connection with the pipe fittings high accident rate, which is where the steep section of the working conditions change. More serious stress related.
Materials Welding Defect Analysis
Performance and Features
Allotrope titanium transition occurs at 885 ℃. In the following 885 ℃ is hcp lattice structure, called a titanium (commercially pure titanium as such, this paper focuses on the object). More than 885 ℃ for the body-centered cubic lattice structure called J3 titanium. With elements of heterogeneous transition temperature titanium alloy alloying elements are added with the type and content varies. Commercially pure titanium according to its impurities (mainly oxygen and iron) content and the intensity differences arising therefrom into TA1, TA2, TA3 three grades. They have good corrosion resistance, ductility and toughness, but its workability, high weldability requirements.

Thick-walled titanium tube and titanium valve presentation

Thick-walled titanium pipe, the ratio of titanium tube diameter and wall thickness of less than 20 titanium tube called a thick-walled titanium pipe. Mainly used in petroleum geology drilling pipe, petrochemical cracking tube with using the chemical preservative equipment for pipes, boiler tubes, pipes and automotive bearings, centrifuges, titanium autoclave, chemical equipment, pressure vessels, pipes and other structures aviation precision .
Titanium ball valves, standard GB / T21465-2008 "valve term" is defined as: opening and closing parts (sphere) driven by the stem, and around the valve stem axis of rotational movement. Mainly used to cut off or connected piping media, party workers by adjusting the control valve can be used for the fluid, which has a hard seal between its V-type V-ball ball core and surfacing carbide metal seat a strong shearing force, especially for fiber-containing tiny solid granule and other media. The multi-way valve in the pipeline not only the flexibility to control the confluence of media, diversion, and flow switch, but also to close any channel leaving the other two channels are connected. This type valve in the pipe should generally be installed horizontally. Ball Category: pneumatic valve, electric valve, manual valve.

Welded titanium tubes and seamless difference titanium tube

Welded titanium tubes, titanium or titanium with titanium tube after curl forming welded band. Welded titanium pipe production process is simple, high production efficiency, different specifications, investment in equipment costs are low, but the general strength of less than seamless. Since the 1930s, with the progress of high-quality steel rolling production and the rapid development of welding and inspection techniques, weld continuously improve the quality of different specifications welded titanium tubing is increasing, and more and more fields instead seamless steel tubes. Seam welded titanium tube in the form of divided straight seam welded titanium tubes and spiral welded titanium tubes. In-depth analysis of cutting and welding on the basis of demand, combined with cutting and welding machines College offers computational algorithm, a good software interface, ease of use and scalability of software design, and design based on Visual C ++ 6.0 and implement document management module, parameter input module, the result output module, a graphical display module. The main way to achieve cutting and welding a plate and tube pipe intersection intersection.
  In China, with the development of industrial technology, it is recognized that improved cutting and welding technology can reduce the cost of production design, improve production efficiency. In recent years, the rapid development of computer technology has penetrated into all parts of the industrial design, with its excellent computing power and accuracy have been successful in many ways. Robotic welding technology as a way to assist the industrial design in foreign countries has been widely applied and achieved great success. So now welded titanium tube technology and quality can reach a very high level, welded titanium tubes and seamless titanium tube in the quality of basically not much difference.

Titanium tube production technology introduction process points

Technical requirements
1. Chemical composition of titanium and titanium alloy tubes shall comply with GB / T3620.1, the demand side reinspection, Ming-kun Titanium tolerance chemical components comply with the requirements GB / T3620.2 of.
2. The pipe diameter tolerances should conform to a specified table.
3. The pipe wall thickness tolerances shall not exceed the nominal wall thickness of ± 12.5%, pipe wall thickness tolerances do not apply to weld titanium welded tubes.
4. The length of the pipe should be consistent with the provisions of Table II.
5. The pipe length or double length should be within the range that does not cut length, cut length to allow deviation of + 10mm, double length should be included in the cut-off when the amount of pipe, each cut the amount should be 5mm .

Titanium tubes for desalination main features:

Density, specific strength (strength / specific gravity) is high density titanium 4.51g / cm3, aluminum above and below the steel, copper, nickel. The intensity ratio of the first metal but is located, is a stainless steel three times, 1.3 times that of an aluminum alloy;
Good corrosion resistance) Titanium is a very reactive metal, its potential is very low equilibrium thermodynamic corrosion tendency in the medium is large. But in fact titanium is very stable in many media, such as titanium oxide, neutral and weakly reducing medium such as corrosion resistant. This is because the titanium and oxygen has a great affinity, in the air or an oxygen-containing medium, the titanium surface layer of dense, strong adhesion, large inert oxide film, a titanium substrate protection against corrosion. Even due to mechanical wear and tear will heal or regenerate quickly. This shows that titanium metal has a strong tendency to passivation. Medium temperature below 315 ℃ titanium oxide film has always maintained this characteristic 3, good heat transfer performance Titanium Although the low thermal conductivity than carbon steel and copper, but because of the excellent corrosion resistance of titanium, so the wall thickness can be greatly thinned , and the surface of the heat exchanger and steam condensation drops way, reduce the heat set, so the surface is not fouling resistance can be reduced, so that the heat transfer performance of titanium significantly improved

Titanium tube heat good performance

New titanium or long-term use at higher temperatures 600 ℃.
Good chemical resistance, low temperature performance, represented by low temperature titanium alloy, its strength increases with decreasing temperature increase, but the plastic change is not large.
Its tensile yield strength approaching the performance of titanium shows its yield ratio (tensile strength / yield strength), represents titanium material difference in the molding of plastic deformation. Since the ratio of titanium yield limit and the elastic modulus is large, so that the resilience of titanium molding large.

Titanium Compared with other metals, it has the following advantages

Titanium Compared with other metals, it has the following advantages:
① specific strength (tensile strength / density) High (pictured), a tensile strength of up to 100 ~ 140kgf / mm2, while only 60% of the density of steel.
② temperature strength, operating temperature of several hundred degrees higher than aluminum, at moderate temperatures can still maintain the desired strength, long-term work at a temperature of 450 ~ 500 ℃.
③ good corrosion resistance, titanium surfaces in the atmosphere immediately form a uniform layer of dense oxide film, there is resistance to a variety of media erosion. Typically Titanium has good corrosion resistance in oxidizing and neutral medium, more excellent corrosion resistance in seawater, wet chlorine and chloride solution. But in reducing media, such as hydrochloric acid solution, and corrosion resistance of titanium is poor.
④ low temperature performance, low interstitial elements of titanium, such as TA7, at -253 ℃ can maintain a certain degree of plasticity.
⑤ low elastic modulus, low thermal conductivity, no ferromagnetism.
6. High hardness.
7. stamping poor, thermoplastic good.
Titanium heat treatment can be obtained by adjusting the heat treatment process and the organization of different phases. It is generally believed that the fine equiaxed has good plasticity, thermal stability and fatigue strength; needle tissue has a high rupture strength, creep strength and fracture toughness; equiaxed and needle mixed structure has good overall performance.
Commonly used methods are annealing heat treatment, solution and aging treatment. Annealing is to eliminate stress, improve plasticity and organizational stability, in order to obtain a better overall performance. Typically α alloy and (α + β) alloy annealing temperature selected in the (α + β) - → β phase transition point below 120 ~ 200 ℃; solution and aging treatment is rapid cooling from the high temperature zone, in order to obtain martensite α ' phase and the metastable β phase, and then incubated in the temperature region of these metastable phase decomposition to obtain compound α phase or the dispersed second phase particles, achieve the purpose of strengthening the alloy. Typically (α + β) quenching the alloy in (α + β) - → β phase transition points below 40 ~ 100 ℃ carried metastable β quenched alloy in the (α + β) - → β phase transition point above 40 ~ 80 ℃ get on. Aging treatment temperature is generally 450 ~ 550 ℃. In addition, in order to meet the special requirements of the workpiece, the industry also uses double annealing, isothermal annealing, β heat treatment, deformation and heat treatment of metal heat treatment process.

In addition to chemical impurities vanadium titanium tube

Vanadium and  titanium tubing grades  and a small amount of impurities mainly VOCl3 discretion VCI4, their presence makes TC4 titanium tube yellow. In addition to the purpose of refining vanadium, not only for bleaching but also for oxygen. This is an extremely important part of the refining process.
     TC Titanium  and vanadium impurities ask discretion tube boiling point difference and relative volatility are relatively small, such as a two-component system titanium tube -VOCl3 boiling point difference is 10 ℃, the relative volatility of d = 1.22; and TC4 titanium alloy tube -VCl4 two lines boiling point difference of 14 degrees Celsius. Nevertheless, in theory, the use of physical methods are possible in addition to vanadium impurities, such as efficient use of the rectification column in addition to vanadium. The advantage of this method is that without the use of chemicals, refined enough continuous production process, easy to automate, isolated VCl4 VOCl3 and can be used directly. The disadvantage is that the energy consumption, large investment in equipment, but also need to address the structure of power kettle, put have not been applied in industry.
    In addition, TC4 titanium tube -V0Cl3 freezing point line two quite different points, a difference of about 54 degrees Celsius, and therefore can be used in addition to freezing crystallization VOCI3 but the energy consumption is frozen
Large, so it did not get industrial applications.
    For this reason is often used in addition to chemical vanadium. Vanadium is a chemical method in addition to adding a chemical reagent in a titanium tube, so VOCl3 (or VCl4) impurity selective reduction or selective precipitation alum form insoluble compounds and TC4 titanium alloy tube separated from each other or the selective adsorption of VoCl3 ( or VCl4), vanadium impurities and TC4 titanium alloy tube separated from each other; or selective dissolution of VOCl2, so alum 7icld impurities and separated from each other. We can say that a low-technology equipment simply better long costs, labor conditions are good, but easy to achieve continuous operation in addition to vanadium process has not been established. This is also the TC4 titanium tube refining process requires study.

Titanium tube process factors affect the performance of the form

 When titanium tube forming process parameters on the factors of porous materials are size, size distribution, pressure and so on. If you want the system to take a large aperture and high permeability of porous material, should use a large powder grain size; and vice versa. The porous material should use a narrow particle size distribution of the powder, which is due to the presence of arch effect, will increase the porosity. Porous materials such as the use of spherical powder, to improve the permeability is advantageous. Pressure on the molding process parameters influence. With the molding pressure increases, the article porosity and permeability decreases.
    When  Powder coating titanium  forming process parameters influencing factors dense material has a particle size, size distribution, pressure and so on. In contrast with the porous material, preparation of the selection process of the mixed powder, namely a broad particle size distribution of powder compaction as well, often used in less than 150um (100 mesh) size fraction of the powder. Such fine powder easily pressed into the coarse pore, when pressed compacts dense, high bulk density. If the powder particle surface uneven, more angular, for repression is beneficial. Pressure forming impact, but the impact is not very significant. As the pressure increases, the beneficial increased denseness products, reduce the product porosity.
     Sensor Titanium housing  is a loose powder or sintered compacts at high temperature by metallurgical bonding process to form a dense or porous articles. Sintering the powder particles to achieve strong binding body, and the mixed powder is alloyed. Typically the sintering temperature is lower than the melting point of the main component.

Preparation of titanium hydride dehydrogenation how the tube surface purification

 Hydrogenation dehydrogenation (HDH) titanium titanium tube preparation process used materials are not limited to titanium sponge, you can also use scrap,  Gr5 titanium forged ring  scrap and residues of titanium scrap, so it is a good way to feed the energy utilization of disability. The process of this method is relatively simple, the main process is:
    Titanium material - Surface Purification - Hydrogen Industry - smash a screening a dehydrogenation a screening a mixed batch of a group of a titanium tube vacuum packaging a commodity.
    If the raw material for titanium sponge, because the surface is clean, you do not need to go through the surface purification. Surface purification, a key step in the hydrogenation, dehydrogenation and crushing, screening for the law. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation typically use vertical or horizontal resistance furnace. Mechanical vacuum pump or the unit must be large mechanical displacement. Titanium metal surface, particularly the presence of residual titanium surface layer of oxide film, the surface of this layer of oxide film on titanium hydrogen absorption rate is large, it is the degree of influence depends on the temperature when the oxide film. Therefore, before performing hydrogenation, the general need for surface purification.
    In order to eliminate the influence of a surface oxide film of the hydrogen absorption process, the  Grade 9 Titanium components  can be in a vacuum or hydrogen heat treatment, when heated to 700-850 ℃, titanium oxide diffused to the surface of the pipe inside the metal, titanium tube after treatment The hydrogen absorption rate greatly increased. However, this method during the heat treatment of the oxide film and the end of the elimination of the oxygen, but enters the inside of the metal, it will not only reduce the hydrogen diffusion rate of the metal interior, and oxygen will go into the final product, thereby reducing product quality; while heating process the particles of titanium tube will cause some degree of sintering, lowering its hydrogen absorption rate.
    Chin reasonable way to eliminate the surface oxide film is chemical treatment. First, put it in 2% sodium hydroxide was heated to melt NaoH 330-425 ℃, processing 15min, at this time the surface of TiO2 titanium tube is reduced to Ti0, but also with the generated Ti0 base reaction:
    Ti0 ten 2Na0H = Na2Ti03 ten H2
    After the thus-treated surface of titanium tube becomes loose porous, it is easily dissolved in a solution containing nitric acid or sulfuric acid or HF in NaF. After acid-soluble titanium tube surface oxide film will be completely eliminated. However, during the chemical treatment, should minimize the loss of Chin. If the surface contamination is not serious, there is no need for such treatment, but must be cleaned to remove oil. If the oxide film is thick, should dilute HF-HNO3 acid mixture cleared. When the acid, the reaction is severe, the need to minimize the loss of dissolved titanium tube promptly removed and washed with water.
    If the oxide film becomes very thick oxide must eradicate oxide. Available methods are sandblasting and other mechanical methods, and then remove the oxide film by pickling.

Situation casting alloy of titanium tubes and pipes

With the demand for the development of the aerospace industry to expand titanium alloy tube and pipe casting range and further promote the development and improvement of the casting process, the late 1980s and has developed from a single piece casting to or from a few dozens of pieces and the whole cast together. Currently, large thin-walled cast iron alloy castings whole complex has reached the maximum diameter of 1300mm, maximum mass of more than 180kg, such as the GE90 engine fan case. Now  titanium tubing for sale  and titanium pipe casting, whether it is an alloy, casting and casting equipment and quality assurance (including various test castings, tools, handling equipment, etc.), have reached a more perfect level, basically meet the various industrial applications. Designers have considered or are considering the titanium tube castings coefficient increased from 1.5 into a titanium tube and titanium pipe foundry's basic situation and the ability of some developed countries of the world 1.20 1990s can be analyzed contrast.
    The mid-1990s, the domestic  titanium square tubing  casting has been developing rapidly. Currently engaged in the research and production of titanium tube casting units have reached more than a dozen.
    China's current level of technology and quality of the cast alloy castings casting a single piece of pipe has reached the international advanced level. Large quantities of the golf club head castings and civilian have been exported abroad, but the country as a whole casting technology and casting quality point of view, especially for large complex thin-walled castings and casting the whole grid quality inspection techniques; China and major countries in the world level there is still a wide gap.

Demand for ships and marine engineering titanium

 For high-strength titanium alloy, corrosion resistance, is manufactured ships, boating fine material, which not only improves navigation performance, and can significantly extend life. It was reported that since the beginning of the seventies, the Soviet Union built with titanium as the main hull material of nuclear submarines, each ship with titanium reached 3000t, used as a type of all grades of titanium alloys, such as Ti-4Al, Ti-5Al, Ti a and Ti-5Al a 2.5Sn 2A1-2.5Zr, etc. This is because a type alloy has good forming and welding performance.
    Titanium can also be used to make the seabed detection and scientific research submersible. Britain, Japan, Sweden and other countries have produced benefits or are under construction submersible to a depth of 6000m, the submersible. This submersible thickness of 60-70mm, estimated that at least with 10t titanium.
    Because  precision titanium products  pigment flow of seawater penetration capability Shi erosion corrosion, it also applies to the manufacture of oil-based devices to talk, talk eyebrow produced 104t of fresh water means more than sixty thousand titanium root canal.
    Titanium and titanium alloy as a new, high-strength corrosion resistant material, the last ten years, the application of industrial development in the civilian city very rapidly, especially in China, the current 80% of titanium production for civilian industry, including electricity , petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, medicine, sports, and food industries. With the decline in the price of titanium,  Titanium tube fittings design development, production, processing technology, the use of accumulated experience, the civilian sector with the prospect Chin is very broad.

Titanium Alloy - Product Description

Titanium can quickly react and gas

Liquid and solid titanium can not react, not combined with aqua regia could not reach it, however, titanium gas is very hit it off, like with nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and many other gases combined. This feature can produce titanium magical for us to use.
     You do not have more than one night to enjoy the colorful fireworks festival over it? Here there is a credit titanium. When combined with titanium powder and oxygen to burn quickly, and be able to produce a strong heat and glory. Fireworks can not only enhance the festive atmosphere at the festival, but also as a military flares, used to indicate the target or convey orders. In the arc lamp in the added amount of the grade 2 titanium forged ring compound, can increase its brightness. Using titanium strong absorption of air, the air can be removed, creating a vacuum. For example, the use of a vacuum pump made of powdered metal suppliers, you can put the air pumped only 1,000 million million. In the metallurgical industry, plus a small amount of titanium to steel or other metals, the "eat" inside the gas and impurities, can play a very good addition to the role of nitrogen deoxygenation, but also to eliminate the harmful effects of sulfur, thereby improving the steel and other alloy mechanical properties, to improve their resistance to corrosion.

Titanium more for aviation

Approximately 80% of titanium production for the aviation and aerospace industries. Airframe structural materials such as the US B-1 bomber, the titanium about 21%, mainly used in the manufacture of the fuselage, wings, skin, and bearing components. Airframe structural materials F-15 fighter, the titanium alloy with a capacity of 7000kg, accounting for about 34% of the weight of the structure. Boeing 757 aircraft structural parts, Powder coating titanium or about 5%, with a capacity of 3640 kg. McDonnell Douglas / production company DC10 aircraft alloy with a capacity 5500kg, accounting for more than 10% of the weight of the structure. The amount of Titanium round barin the chemical and general engineering areas: United States accounts for about 15% of its production in Europe accounts for about 40%. Due to the excellent corrosion resistance of titanium and its alloys, good mechanical properties, as well as qualified histocompatibility, making it a prosthetic device for the production of biological materials

Titanium is a new structural material

Titanium is a new structural material, it has excellent performance, such as low density (4.5gcm-3), high specific strength and fracture toughness, fatigue strength and resistance to crack growth, good low-temperature toughness, corrosion resistance excellent, the maximum operating temperature of some titanium alloys for 550 / C, is expected to reach 700 / C. So it gets increasingly widely used in aviation, aerospace, chemical, shipbuilding and other industrial sectors, is developing rapidly. Light alloy, steel, etc. (σ0.2 / density) versus temperature, stronger than the titanium alloy is higher than other light metals, steel and nickel alloys, and this advantage can be maintained to 500 / C or so, so some titanium suitable for manufacturing gas turbine components.

The production of titanium and titanium military profile

Titanium has many obvious superior characteristics: density (4.5kg / m3), high melting point (1660 ℃), corrosion resistance, high strength, good plasticity, but also through alloying and heat treatment methods to produce high mechanical properties the variety of alloys, is an ideal material for aerospace engineering structures. With a certain amount of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, iron and other elements α phase titanium impurities. Stamping process with excellent performance, good weldability, and heat treatment is not sensitive to the type of tissue has a certain strength at a satisfactory plasticity conditions. Commercially pure titanium content of impurity elements in accordance with the division level. Its main strength depends on the content of oxygen interstitial elements, nitrogen. It has a high corrosion resistance in sea water, but poor in mineral acid. Generally used for manufacturing at a temperature -253 ~ 350 ℃ work discontinuity large variety of sheet metal parts or forgings, can also be manufactured rivets, wire and tubing. Application examples: Industrial use of commercially pure titanium in addition to manufacturing parts, extensive use of titanium alloy. It gets in the aviation, aerospace, chemical, shipbuilding and other industries increasingly wide range of applications, gas turbine component manufacturing, production of biological materials such as prosthetic devices. The density of titanium is generally about 4.5g / cm3, only 60% of steel, titanium's strength was close to the strength of ordinary steel, some high-strength titanium alloy structural strength than a lot of steel. Therefore, the ratio of titanium strength (strength / density) is much larger than other metal structures can be made out of high unit strength, rigidity, lightweight parts and components. At present, aircraft engine components, skeleton, skin, so the use of titanium fasteners and landing gear.

The use of titanium in the military industry, primarily titanium and titanium alloys have excellent performance based on: (1) reduce the structural quality, improve structural efficiency. Tactical and technical performance requirements of advanced aircraft structure has a relatively low quality factor (ie, the quality of the body structure / aircraft normal takeoff weight), low density powdered metal suppliers alloy, high strength, instead of structural steel and high temperature alloys, can greatly reduce the structural quality. Heat resistance (2) meet the temperature requirements of a titanium alloy. Currently hot strength titanium alloy by alloying the maximum temperature up to 500 ° C ~ 600 ° C, the temperature structure of the Titanium Flange Screwalloy also use up to 300 ° C ~ 400 ° C, the TI-64V can be used at 350 ° C under the long-term work, not at the high temperature of the plane (such as the rear fuselage, etc.) can be replaced by high-temperature performance does not meet the requirements of aluminum, TC11 long-term work at 500 ° C under the engine compressor components can be replaced by high-temperature alloys and stainless steel. (3) can be matched to the composite structure. To reduce the structural quality and meet the requirements of stealth, advanced aircraft extensive use of composite materials, the strength of titanium and composite materials, better match the stiffness, can get a good weight loss, and because both potential closer, easy to produce electricity Galvanic corrosion. (4) excellent in corrosion resistance. Titanium tube fittings is more excellent than other metallic materials and corrosion resistance in neutral oxidizing atmosphere and many harsh environments, small extent constrained by environmental conditions.

Application of titanium in military

Titanium is the end of the Second World War desire 1940s to 1950s began with the industrial production and gradually developed a high-performance structural materials is important. Since the first application is to provide high-performance materials for military aviation industry. With the development of national military industry, applications are continuously expanding titanium. So far, grade 2 titanium forged ring has been more and more applications in the aerospace, nuclear, ships, weapons and many other areas, has become an important strategic metal. Its application level has also become a country of advanced weaponry extent, reflects the level of a country's military and military strength, an important measure.

Brief history of titanium

The first discovery of titanium ore is a black sand called titanium iron sand, by Reverend William Gregor in Cornwall in 1791 found that the. He analyzed it and deduce the is composed of iron and an unknown metal oxides, and report to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.
In 1795, German scientists in Berlin Martin Heinrich Klaproth of Sch, called a RL red ore from Hungary. This is Jin Hongshi (TiO2) of a kind of form, but Klaproth realized it a previously unknown element oxides, he named titanium bar stock (Ti). When he was informed of the discovery of Gregor, he studied iserite and confirmed it also contains titanium tubing for sale. Until 1910, working in USA Ge M. A. Hunter to create a pure titanium metal, achieved by heating four titanium chloride and sodium metal.

The use of titanium (three)

The measure of a country's titanium industry scale has two important indicators: titanium sponge titanium production and yield, which reflects the Surgical Titanium Wire sponge production of raw materials production capacity, titanium production reflects the deep processing capacity. Sensor Titanium housing industry has formed China, America, CIS, Japan and Europe five production and consumption of the main. China titanium industry started in 1954, after the test, the industrialized production of fixed-point layout, application and technology progress gradually developed. Especially since twenty-first Century, the national demand, driven by the reform and open policy, the titanium industry in Chinese is make a spurt of progress. 2011 is the first year of China's "Twelfth Five Year Plan", in this year, China's titanium sponge and titanium processing material production continues to growth inertia. According to the China nonferrous metal industry association of titanium and zirconium hafnium branch of statistics, 14 domestic titanium sponge production enterprise total output in 2011 was 64952t, increased by 12.4% compared to the same period. According to the statistics of 30 enterprises, in 2011 China co production of titanium processing material 50962t, grow 33% compared to the same period.

The use of titanium (two)

Titanium and other elements of iron, aluminum, vanadium or Mo alloyed high strength, made of light alloy, has been widely applied in various aspects, including the space (jet engines, missiles and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemical and petroleum products, desalination of sea water and paper), automobile, agricultural products food, medicine (prosthetics, Department of orthopedics, transplantation and dental instruments and fillers), sporting goods, jewelry and mobile phone etc.. [4].
Two properties of titanium bar stock is most useful, corrosion resistance, strength and weight of the highest metal than [7]. In non alloy under the condition, the strength of titanium with some steel comparable, but lighter 45%[8]. There are two allotropes [9] and five kinds of natural isotopes, from Ti to Ti, the highest abundance was Ti (73.8%) [3] [10]. The chemical properties and physical properties of titanium and zirconium are similar, this is because the number of valence electrons of the two the same, and belong to the same family of elements in the periodic table.
In the earth's crust, titanium reserves second only to iron, aluminum, magnesium, ranking the fourth. Since Grade 9 Titanium components has high melting point, the proportion of small, high strength, good toughness, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, high and low temperature tolerance performance is good, in cold and hot conditions, stress is small, its commercial value start was recognized in twentieth Century fifty years, should be used in high-tech field of aviation, space etc.. With the continuous chemical, petroleum, electric power, desalination, construction, daily necessities industry promotion, titanium metal are increasingly attention, known as the "modern metal" and "strategic metals", is an important strategic material and raise the level of national defense equipment indispensable.

The use of titanium (one)

Titanium is a chemical element, chemical symbol Ti, atomic number 22, is a transition metal silver, which features light weight, high strength, with metal luster, also have good corrosion resistance (including sea water, aqua regia and chlorine). Because of its stable chemical property, good resistance to high temperature, low temperature resistance, resistance to acid, alkali resistance, and high strength, low density, is known as "space metal" [2]. Titanium in 1791 by Gregor (William Gregor) in Cornwall and found that, by Klaproth (Martin Heinrich Klaproth) is named for its use in Greek mythology titan.
precision titanium products is considered to be a rare metal, which is due to the existence of a decentralized in nature and difficult to extract. But its relative abundance in all the elements in the tenth. [3] titanium ore mainly ilmenite and rutile, widely distributed in the crust and lithosphere. Titanium also exist in almost all organisms, rock, water and soil [4]. Remove the titanium need to use Kroll method [5] or the Hunter method from the main ore extraction. The most common compounds of titanium, Titanium round bar dioxide can be used in the manufacture of white pigment [6]. Other compounds also includes four titanium chloride (TiCl4) (as catalyst and used in the manufacture of smoke or air text) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (for the catalytic production of polypropylene).

The historical development of titanium (two)

In 1947, people began in the factory smelting titanium. That year, output was 2 tons. In 1955, the surge in production to 20000 tons. In 1972, the annual output reached 200000 tons. The yield strength of titanium are higher than steel, but it weighs almost only half the same volume of steel, Titanium Sheet Metal Price although slightly heavier than aluminum point, yield strength of it is 2 times larger than the aluminum. Titanium ratio strength higher than aluminum and steel, modulus and aluminum, steel is very close to the. In the universe of rocket and missile, a large number of titanium instead of iron. According to statistics, the world every year for the universe navigate titanium bar stock, has reached more than one thousand tons. Very fine titanium powder, or rocket good fuel, so ti is known as cosmic space metal, metal.
Titanium at elevated temperature easily and air reaction, but the high melting point of 1668 DEG C. At room temperature, titanium is not afraid of aqua regia and dilute nitric acid corrosion resistance, but not more than 5% acid corrosion and 7% hydrochloric acid corrosion. Titanium is not afraid of ambient seawater, someone had put a piece of titanium sank to the bottom of the sea, five years later to take up a see, above the sticky many small animal and marine plants, but not a bit rusty, still shining. People began to use titanium to titanium submarines -- manufacture of submarine. Since titanium is very strong, can bear high pressure, the submarine can sail at a depth of 4500 meters deep in the sea.

Preparation of titanium machining process in the rough

       Titanium is a very active metal elements, and can effect all the elements, titanium during heating, can interact and oxygen, the oxide film formed on the surface. At different heating temperatures, the structure and properties of the oxide film is different. Thermoforming titanium complex, each batch is different mechanical properties, in order to ensure the quality of materials, manufacturers are available certificate and test report.
       1. Preparation of titanium raw material supply state requirements
       A titanium plate deformation - in metallurgy factory rolled into sheets of poor performance repeatability. Domestic and foreign production of titanium same composition, mechanical properties of the difference is not small; domestic different sheet metal factory production, performance is not the same, even if a plant product, different furnace number of its mechanical properties are not the same. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of the parts, you should first make sure that the quality of raw materials. Treasury requisitioned from titanium and titanium sheet, should be equipped with the manufacturer factory certification and factory re-inspection certificate. In order to facilitate future verification, certification should be saved. When necessary, the basic situation of each plant can manufacture sheet metal parts to make records to future reference.
       All the plates were annealed condition require supply. To ensure the quality of the parts should be removed oxide and other pollutants plate surface. Titanium surface may not have cracks, peeling, crimping, inclusions and other defects, as well as through the traces of pickling. Sheet should be straight and wrapping paper out of the library. In the material after forming, assembly, transport and storage process, should be taken to prevent surface scratches.
       2, titanium rough cutting
       Wool preparation methods used in a variety of sheet metal parts, there are many similarities. Since the titanium plate thickness generally used in less than 2 mm, and a thickness of 1.5 mm or more parts so few titanium plate cutting can utilize existing equipment at room temperature.
       When cutting, should pay attention to try to make the edges smooth wool, particularly to prevent the edges of cracks, bite wounds and cut marks and other defects, in the cut planks should pay attention.
       Before forming wool deburring and removal should be sharp edges. Because of the sensitivity of titanium crack growth is strong, this work is extremely important, in order to eliminate the stress concentration to prevent cracking and scratches wool die during forming. Available cutting and filing, or sandpaper belt grinding deburring or polish.
       It should be noted that regardless of which method is used under the material, when crossed, only use non-polluting ink and pen, is not allowed to play in the wool stamp, offset or specially equipped only play tag.
       3, before forming degreasing and cleaning
       Before any thermoforming, should remove surface grease, or other contaminants, in order to avoid contamination of the titanium produced when heated. In addition, the surface of the oxide wool reduces plastic material, should be removed prior to forming. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of various types of atmosphere environment, generally using a vacuum hardening furnace and vacuum annealing furnace heating, vacuum furnace inert gas can protect titanium and titanium alloy materials in the heating process from contamination.

What is a titanium

Titanium is a chemical element, chemical symbol Ti, atomic number 22, in the chemical elements in the periodic table is located in the fourth period, the group IVB. Is a transition metal silver, which features light weight, high strength, with metal luster, resistance to wet chlorine corrosion.
Titanium Flange Screw is considered to be a rare metal, which is due to the existence of a decentralized in nature and difficult to extract. But its relatively abundant, ranking the tenth among all the elements. powdered metal suppliers ores are mainly ilmenite and rutile, widely distributed in the crust and lithosphere. Titanium is also present in almost all biological, rocks, water and soil. Remove the titanium need to use Kroll method or the Hunter method from the main ore extraction. The most common is a compound of titanium dioxide, can be used in the manufacture of white pigment. Other compounds also includes four titanium chloride (TiCl4) (as catalyst and used in the manufacture of smoke or air text) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (for the catalytic production of polypropylene).